The crisis of TRUST between users is one of the most important challenges of social networks. One solution to this challenge is for users to know about the TRUST LEVEL of other users. This solution can be implemented by quantifying TRUST and using collective intelligence. Various models have been presented to calculate TRUST in social networks using mathematical formulas and without considering the permanent changes in users' TRUST based on various events. However, providing an approach that can model various types of scenarios and assumptions and calculate and evaluate the TRUST LEVEL of each user is a very important issue. In this paper, the Colored Petri net, a graphical formalism, has been used to model TRUST and disTRUST between users in social networks and to evaluate the impact of various events on the change of the TRUST LEVEL of each user over time. Furthermore, an algorithm is proposed in this paper to determine the influence of each user on the TRUST LEVEL of another user, so that this influence is heterogeneous between users. The proposed approach can model any number of users, define different scenarios by simply changing the model parameters' values, and evaluate each user's TRUST LEVEL in each scenario. The proposed modeling approach which the results obtained from its models are validated with the OMNeT++ simulator and statistical analysis can be used as a simulator of users' TRUST LEVEL in social networks.

The existence of mutual TRUST is necessary for the cooperation of the public with the police force in ensuring security and social order. This article is based on research conducted in 2007-2008, probing the LEVEL of people's TRUST in the police in comparison with other public organizations.The research benefited from a theoretical framework rooted in Giddens’ conception of TRUST in traditional and modem societies, Fukuyama's defined role of state in TRUST-building through public investment, and others. Among factors influencing TRUST, performance, hope for the future, and managerial and ethical characteristics of the police force were considered. A survey methodology was employed targeting adults in Tehran (20 years of age and older). Quota sampling was used. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 630 persons at their homes.Survey results indicate a. good LEVEL of TRUST in the police. In comparison with other government organizations (parliament, Assembly of Experts, the Guardian Council, the Judiciary, and the Executive), people place more TRUST in the police to address societal problems. Furthermore, the police force is ranked second in terms of people's TRUST among the Municipality, the public school system, and public hospitals. Public TRUST is at a good LEVEL in the managerial characteristics of the police and at ahigh LEVEL in their religious and moral characteristics.

The 4th wave of the human-Computer interaction (HCI) refers to the entanglement of a new form of interactive process between humans and emerging technologies and their presence in today’s human life. With an emphasis on the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI), social robotics, virtual reality (VR), neural implants, cyber-physical systems, smart spaces, and autonomous vehicles (AVs), recent scientific literature has recognized the necessity of the human-computer interaction (HCI) 4th wave to show how human-machine interaction has turned into an ambiguous subject given human-technology boundaries. By reviewing, analyzing, and conceptually framing the literature, this study aimed to find possible relationships between the involved disciplines and architectural literature gaps. The obtained results can be used to (1) determine research gaps in the field of HCI from an architectural perspective to eliminate bias against emerging technologies, (2) theoretically explain how to design a virtual architectural space while considering those gaps, and (3) recommend a path for future studies. Given the research's goal and to develop the theoretical foundations, aiming at achieving a comprehensive concept that will go through the integration of the components of different fields of knowledge, systematic and content analyses have been used. The latent content and the thematic connection of the literature were analyzed using a structured and precise method. In the first stage, a broad range of literature with a rich variety of keywords was investigated, based on which the main keywords were extracted for final analysis and coding in three specific layers and different disciplines. To this end, 242 articles published between 2017 and 2022, as well as 21 doctoral theses published between 2019-2022 were reviewed. In the second stage, with the final screening, 73 articles were analyzed more closely using the thematic analysis method in MAXQDA and were categorized into 5 main codes and 17 sub-groups. The findings of the content analysis suggest that the LEVEL of knowledge of HCI and its subgroup in the 4th HCI wave is theoretically and practically evolving. Importance of HCI and its extensive use in different disciplines. This is because it accounted for 59% of the extracted content, followed by “TRUST” with 19%, indicating the importance of the subject. The low frequency of design codes can be attributed to anthropological factors because there is still limited information about the users' awareness, preferences, and needs, and how this matter affects the design of virtual architectural space. This relationship has been less architecturally discussed and thus lacks a comprehensive definition. Results Showed In this stage, building up TRUST through anthropologically designed environments can encourage further use of this new lifestyle. It should be considered that TRUST in technology and machines is volatile as it is a form of feeling that varies in different situations. This study emphasizes that anthropologically informed design in virtual and intelligent environments is essential for enhancing human-technology interaction and a design based on TRUST-centered anthropological approaches increases the chance of welcoming emerging technologies and interacting with virtual spaces

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are one of the useful and attractive technologies that have received much attention in recent years. These networks have been used in a variety of applications, due to their ease of use and inexpensive deployment. Due to the criticality of most applications of these networks, security is considered as one of the essential parameters of the quality of service (QoS), and thus Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is considered as a fundamental requirement for security in these networks. This paper provides a TRUST-based IDS to protect the WSN against all network layer and routing attacks based on the features extracted from them. Through simulations, the proposed IDS has been evaluated with all performance criteria. The results show that the proposed IDS, in comparison with existing works, which often focuses on a specific attack, covers all network layer and routing attacks in WSNs, and also, due to high detection accuracy, low false alarms rate, and low energy consumption is considered as a desirable and lightweight IDS for WSNs.

TRUST is the basis and essence of social relationship. It is one of the most valuable and import constituents of social capital which can lead to security and order establishment, with respect to various and wide-range missions of NAJA the present research aims at reviewing Ahwaz citizens’ TRUST LEVEL in police, while dealing with a social issue (group quarrel). On this basis, while using theories related to the issue, eight hypotheses developed. Research information achieved through survey method and through using questionnaire technique from a sample (384 individuals) selected by utilizing Kerjesy and Morgan sampling formula. N=15 included people of higher than 15 years of age in Ahwaz who were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling collected data and analyzed by SPSS. In addition to descriptive statistics methods such as mean, percent, variance, etc., some inferential statistics indices such as T test, variance analysis, regression, etc. used for statistical analysis.Results indicated that there was not significant relationship between all the eight aforesaid hypotheses of variables – age, ethnicity, and family origin and TRUST in police, while other hypotheses had a significant relationship with TRUST in police. Among all dependent variables, piety variable had the most effect on dependent variable. In addition, anomy feeling variable had a negative relationship. Finally, (R2=0.461) or linear model determination coefficient justified. In other words, dependent variables which were eligible to enter regression equation, could explain 46 percent of TRUST variance.

Background and Aims: Lasers with different characteristics have been used to stimulate orthodontic tooth movement. Considering the contradictory findings in this regard, this study was designed to assess the effect of low LEVEL laser therapy (LLLT) on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement.Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, 12 patients (4 boys and 8 girls; average age: 16.9±3.4) with extracted upper first premolars and required canine retraction into extraction site were included. While in both sides canines were retracted by NiTi coil spring, one side was exposed to GaAlAs laser (890 nm). LLLT was done (on the buccal and palatal mucosa by slow movement of probe) at the beginning of the first month. Impression and cast fabrication performed at the beginning of retraction, one and two months later. The amount of retraction on the cast was measured with the aid of a reference plaque fabricated on the rogae using a digital caliper. Data were analyzed using paired sample T-test and one-sample Kolmogorov-Simirnov test.Results: There was no significant difference in the amounts of canine movement between laser exposed and control sides (P>0.05).Conclusion: The energy dose of laser used in this study (72 J per each tooth) was not appropriate for increasing dental movement.